The 1994 book "Behind Human Error" introduced the idea that what we label "error" is really data about patterns in how stakeholders react to actual and potential failures. This began, the now commonplace, use of countermeasures to hindsight and related biases to enhance learning after accidents and incidents.

New chapters from the forthcoming revised version of "Behind Human Error" describe "distancing through differencing" and "fundamental surprise" as patterns in learning or failing to learn from incidents. Distancing through Differencing Fundamental Surprise

For health care see the monograph "A Tale of Two Stories: Contrasting Views on Patient Safety" Tale of 2 Stories pdf